http://winnerpost.blogspot.com/

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MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

Now a days , this two term has been a controversial issue . Some thinkers regards the word management and administration as one and some others regards these two are different. So we can point out the two concept to know this clear concept.

American School Of Thought :

"Administration is higher than management."

British School Of Thought :

"Management is higher than administration"

Thus, in actual both are different in nature having great value. So both are important.

PRINCIPAL OF MANAGEMENT

The few major principal of management are given below:

1) Principal of policy making
2)Principal of proper balance
3) Principal of planning
4) Principal of co - operation
5) Principal of leadership
6) Principal of exceptional
7) Principal of standarization
8) Principal of financial incentives
9)Principal of right man at right chair
10) Principal of individual effectiveness

Thus, these are some essential principal of management.

MANAGEMENT AS A PROFESSION

Profession refers to any occupation by which a person earn a life hood , for a practice their profession . They must have minimum academic and profession qualification prescribed by law.
Some feature of profession are given below:

1) Specialized knowledge
2) Competent application
3) Social Responsibility
4) Community sanction
5) Self control

Management is not a profession like others, profession even though it is taken as profession there is social recognization to the management as a profession.

MANAGEMENT AS A SCIENCE

The word science is a systematized body of knowledge based on observation and experimentation and which is capable of verification .

The essential feature of science are as follows:

1) Systematic body of knowledge
2) Continue observation
3) Universal application
4) Cause and effect relationship

So, management is a science but not a pure science like physics and chemistry . It is a social science.

MANAGEMENT AS ART

Every art is concerned with creation of something . Management is the most creative art as personal skill and vast knowledge are necessary to achieve pre - determined goal. The essential element of art are given below:

1) Personal skill
2) Practical knowledge
3) Result oriented approach
4) Creativity
5) Regular practice

In conclusion , obviously management satisfy all feature of art so management is an art.

FUNCTION OF MANAGEMENT

There are a lots of functions of management . Some of them are mentioned below:

1) Planning
2) Organizing
3) Controlling
4) Staffing

5) Leading

In all the organization such types of functions are seen .Due to these functions of management its importance is increasing more in todays modern world.

CHARACTERISTCS

Some of the characteristics of management are:

1. Management is goal - oriented
2. Management is group activity
3. Management is universal
4. Management is dynamic process
5. Management is art as well as science
6. Management is a profession
7. Management is social process
8. Management is intangible

Thus above listed some of the points highlights the features of management.

LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT

The term “Levels of Management’ refers to a line of demarcation between various managerial positions in an organization

The levels of management can be classified in three broad categories: -

1. 
   
   Top level / Administrative level


2. 
   
   Middle level / Executory


3. 
   
   Low level / Supervisory

NATURE OF MANAGEMENT

In for-profit work, management has as its primary function the satisfaction of a range of stakeholders. This typically involves making a profit (for the shareholders), creating valued products at a reasonable cost (for customers), and providing rewarding employment opportunities (for employees). In nonprofit management, add the importance of keeping the faith of donors.

In most models of management/governance, shareholders vote for the board of directors, and the board then hires senior management. Some organizations have experimented with other methods (such as employee-voting models) of selecting or reviewing managers; but this occurs only very rarely.In the public sector of countries constituted as representative democracies, voters elect politicians to public office. Such politicians hire many managers and administrators, and in some countries like the United States political appointees lose their jobs on the election of a new president/governor/mayor.

INTRODUCTION

Every human beings has several needs and desires .But no individual can fulfill all his needs alone . Groups can achieve their goals only when efforts of people working together are properly co-ordinated and controlled . Thus , the task of achieving goals through co-ordinating and controlling the activities of other people is known as management.
One of the most popularly known figure of this field is Henry Fayol . According to his definition , he defines management in three ways and that is :
i) as a process
ii) as a noun
iii) as a discipline

In this modern world the definition given by Henry Fayol of management is most widely used one. But in common we can say that the process of planning , controlling , motivating , organizing the human efforts in order yo achieve goal is called Management.